Variables | Men*, 406 (40.4) | Women*, 599 (59.9) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Location in vehicle | 0.000 | ||
Driver | 363 (89.4) | 451 (75.3) | |
Front seat passenger | 31 (7.6) | 106 (17.7) | |
Back seat passenger | 11 (2.7) | 42 (7.0) | |
Do not know | 1 (0.3) | 0 | |
Direction of impact | NS | ||
Front | 85 (20.9) | 162 (27.0) | |
Rear | 233 (57.4) | 326 (54.4) | |
Driver’s side | 42 (10.3) | 47 (7.8) | |
Passenger’s side | 19 (4.7) | 24 (4.0) | |
Rollover | 25 (6.2) | 39 (6.6) | |
Do not know | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
Head position | NS | ||
Straight ahead | 239 (58.9) | 363 (60.3) | |
Turned to the side | 118 (29.1) | 148 (24.7) | |
Do not know | 49 (12.1) | 87 (14.5) | |
Injury-related characteristics | |||
Initial healthcare provider | NS | ||
None | 57 (14.1) | 57 (9.5) | |
Emergency ward | 187 (46.3) | 297 (48.6) | |
Other medical doctor | 149 (36.8) | 243 (40.6) | |
Physiotherapist | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
Chiropractor | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
Naprapath | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.5) | |
Osteopath | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
Massage therapist | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
Other (health service online, etc.) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | |
Pain intensity (NRS) at baseline, mean (SD) | |||
Neck pain | 2.89 (2.40) | 3.15 (2.43) | NS |
Headache | 1.65 (2.42) | 2.06 (2.56) | 0.012 |
Low back pain | 1.21 (2.24) | 1.23 (2.25) | NS |
Posttraumatic stress (IES) | 0.005 | ||
No (IES < 26) | 348 (86.8) | 447 (80.3) | |
Yes (IES ≥ 26) | 53 (13.2) | 117 (19.7) | |
Anxiety (HADS-A) | 0.006 | ||
No anxiety < 8 | 337 (83.0) | 447 (74.6) | |
Borderline 8–10 | 34 (8.4) | 82 (13.7) | |
Anxiety ≥ 11 | 35 (8.6) | 70 (11.7) | |
Depressive symptoms (HADS) | NS | ||
No depression < 8 | 350 (86.8) | 518 (87.5) | |
Borderline 8–10 | 31 (7.7) | 49 (8.3) | |
Depression ≥ 11 | 22 (5.5) | 25 (4.2) |
↵* Total number differs due to missing data. NRS: Numerical Rating Scale 0–10; IES: Impact of Event Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale.