Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for potential risk factors for incident or persistent HPV infections in patients with SLE.
| Risk Factors | Incident HPV Infection Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Persistent HPV Infection Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs, mean ± SD | ||
| HPV | 41.5 ± 9.2 | 44.1 ± 10.6 |
| No HPV | 41.2 ± 8.3 | 41.1 ± 8.2 |
| Menopause | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | 2.8 (1.0–8.2) |
| Married | 1.0 (0.3–3.7) | 0.7 (0.1–3.7) |
| High school or lower | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) | 3.0 (0.4–21.7) |
| Monthly family income ≤ HK$ 10,000 | 1.7 (0.9–3.4) | 1.9 (0.8–4.7) |
| Current smoker | 0.8 (0.1–7.4) | — |
| Alcohol | 1.9 (0.7–5.6) | 2.2 (0.6–7.9) |
| Age at first sexual intercourse, yrs, mean ± SD | ||
| HPV | 21.0 ± 3.3** | 20.9 ± 3.1* |
| No HPV | 23.1 ± 4.3 | 23.0 ± 4.3 |
| Lifetime sexual partner ≥ 3 | 2.8 (1.4–5.4)** | 3.8 (1.5–9.6)** |
| Oral contraceptives | 1.8 (0.7–4.3) | 2.1 (0.7–6.2) |
| Condom use by male partner | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) | 1.7 (0.4–6.3) |
| Parity > 1 | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.3 (0.4–4.1) |
| Current vaginal discharge | 1.1 (0.3–4.5) | 1.3 (0.3–6.3) |
| Bleeding after intercourse | 1.5 (0.4–5.9) | 1.6 (0.3–8.0) |
| Sexually transmitted disease | 1.9 (0.3–11.2) | 1.4 (0.2–12.6) |
| Disease duration, yrs, mean ± SD | ||
| HPV | 11.4 ± 8.9 | 12.2 ± 9.6 |
| No HPV | 9.7 ± 6.2 | 10.2 ± 6.3 |
| SLEDAI baseline, mean ± SD | ||
| HPV | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 1.5 |
| No HPV | 1.9 ± 2.4 | 1.8 ± 2.3 |
| SLICC baseline ≥ 1 | 2.4 (1.2–4.5)** | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) |
| Prednisolone | ||
| Ever | 0.7 (0.1–3.8) | 0.4 (0.1–2.1) |
| Current | 2.4 (0.7–8.5) | 0.8 (0.2–2.7) |
| Cyclophosphamide | ||
| Ever | 2.2 (1.0–5.1)* | 1.5 (0.5–4.2) |
| Current | — | — |
| Leflunomide | ||
| Ever | 1.0 (0.1–9.6) | 1.9 (0.2–18.0) |
| Current | 6.9 (1.1–43.5)* | 5.5 (0.8–36.0) |
| Azathioprine | ||
| Ever | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
| Current | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | ||
| Ever | 0.8 (0.1–7.3) | — |
| Current | 1.0 (0.2–5.2) | — |
| Cyclosporine A | ||
| Ever | 1.6 (0.7–4.0) | 2.1 (0.7–6.3) |
| Current | — | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | ||
| Ever | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.7 (0.2–2.1) |
| Current | 1.5 (0.7–3.6) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) |
Except when indicated otherwise, values are the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. OR cannot be estimated if no patients who were exposed to the risk factor of interest developed the respective outcome.
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1. “Ever” refers to use of immunosuppressants since the diagnosis of SLE. HPV: human papilloma virus. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. SLICC: Systemic Lupus International: Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index.