Characteristic | RA Alone, | RA + CVD, | RA + Depression, | RA + CVD + Depression, | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 8,916 | n = 608 | p* | n = 716 | p* | n = 58 | p* | |
No. of comorbidities, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.5) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 3.9 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Crohn’s | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.730 | 0.8 | 0.878 | 3.4 | 0.023 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.397 | 2.1 | 0.004 | 6.9 | < 0.001 |
SLE | 3.1 | 4.9 | 0.012 | 5.0 | 0.004 | 8.6 | 0.015 |
Psoriasis | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.869 | 2.0 | 0.414 | 1.7 | 0.919 |
Fibromyalgia | 6.8 | 8.4 | 0.143 | 16.9 | < 0.001 | 27.6 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 9.0 | 24.0 | < 0.001 | 11.0 | 0.067 | 27.6 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 27.1 | 66.1 | < 0.001 | 31.8 | 0.006 | 65.5 | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 19.9 | 61.2 | < 0.001 | 24.0 | 0.008 | 62.1 | < 0.001 |
Asthma and COPD | 11.1 | 22.5 | < 0.001 | 20.0 | < 0.001 | 37.9 | < 0.001 |
Osteoporosis | 11.9 | 14.3 | 0.072 | 11.7 | 0.922 | 20.7 | 0.038 |
Osteoarthritis | 23.4 | 35.5 | < 0.001 | 28.5 | 0.002 | 48.3 | < 0.001 |
Pneumonia/influenza | 3.5 | 10.2 | < 0.001 | 7.1 | < 0.001 | 13.8 | < 0.001 |
Epilepsy | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.524 | 0.7 | 0.122 | 5.2 | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 5.7 | 10.0 | < 0.001 | 6.7 | 0.272 | 13.8 | 0.008 |
Respiratory disease | 1.0 | 2.8 | < 0.001 | 1.0 | 0.935 | 8.6 | < 0.001 |
Migraine | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.746 | 8.1 | < 0.001 | 10.3 | < 0.001 |
CHF | 0.7 | 13.3 | < 0.001 | 2.1 | < 0.001 | 19.0 | < 0.001 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.270 | 5.0 | < 0.001 | 5.2 | < 0.001 |
Panic disorder | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.603 | 2.0 | < 0.001 | 1.7 | 0.018 |
Evidence of hospitalization | 7.9 | 34.9 | < 0.001 | 18.6 | < 0.001 | 60.3 | < 0.001 |
RA-related severity covariates | |||||||
RA-related surgery | 4.9 | 6.3 | 0.155 | 8.4 | < 0.001 | 17.2 | < 0.001 |
Inflammation markers | 57.1 | 55.9 | 0.555 | 61.3 | 0.030 | 56.9 | 0.97 |
Tendon injections | 5.4 | 7.6 | 0.026 | 7.1 | 0.057 | 5.2 | 0.932 |
Arthrocentesis (small/intermediate/major) | 21.9 | 28.0 | < 0.001 | 26.7 | 0.003 | 34.5 | 0.021 |
Extraarticular manifestations | 3.2 | 4.3 | 0.157 | 5.9 | < 0.001 | 6.9 | 0.115 |
Difficulty walking | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.005 | 0.0 | 0.423 | 0.0 | 0.819 |
Pain in joint | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.200 | 1.0 | 0.389 | 1.7 | 0.35 |
NSAID | 39.0 | 29.1 | < 0.001 | 40.4 | 0.479 | 36.2 | 0.662 |
COX-2 inhibitors | 24.2 | 23.4 | 0.650 | 25.8 | 0.317 | 27.6 | 0.545 |
Narcotic analgesics | 44.7 | 58.9 | < 0.001 | 67.6 | < 0.001 | 74.1 | < 0.001 |
Corticosteroids | 64.4 | 71.4 | < 0.001 | 70.8 | < 0.001 | 86.2 | < 0.001 |
MTX | 73.7 | 67.9 | 0.002 | 75.4 | 0.314 | 58.6 | 0.009 |
Cytotoxic DMARD | 3.5 | 5.4 | 0.016 | 2.7 | 0.216 | 13.8 | < 0.001 |
Noncytotoxic DMARD | 22.4 | 21.1 | 0.430 | 23.3 | 0.582 | 24.1 | 0.756 |
Etanercept | 20.9 | 19.4 | 0.386 | 20.3 | 0.689 | 25.9 | 0.353 |
Adalimumab | 4.9 | 3.9 | 0.305 | 4.7 | 0.887 | 6.9 | 0.475 |
Infliximab | 11.9 | 14.6 | 0.041 | 13.7 | 0.147 | 17.2 | 0.206 |
Anakinra | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.488 | 1.1 | 0.805 | 3.4 | 0.069 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
Total pre-index cost of care, mean (SD) US$ | 11,091 (14,082) | 24,667 (29,358) | < 0.001 | 16,313 (17,315) | < 0.001 | 38,094 (40,578) | < 0.001 |
↵* Reference group is RA Alone. CVD: cardiovascular disease, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CHF: congestive heart failure, MTX: methotrexate, DMARD: disease modifying antirheumatic drug.