* Concomitant malignant disease and chemotherapy^{1,17,38,66,79}

* Glucocorticoid therapy^{1,17,35,66,80}

* Diabetes^1,38,81

* Advanced age: in review of cases of ONJ in patients with multiple myeloma, there was a 9% increase in the risk of developing ONJ with each decade of life⁸²

* Smoking and alcohol need to be evaluated further