Table 3.
Characteristics | Black Africans (n = 291) | White or Asian Africans (n = 293) | OR* (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Women | 89.0 | 80.5 | — |
Major conventional CV risk factors | |||
Hypertension | 66.0 | 53.4 | 1.76 (1.09–2.84) |
T chol/HDL chol > 4 | 18.3 | 18.9 | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) |
Smoking | 3.4 | 17.8 | 0.13 (0.06–0.28) |
Diabetes | 13.1 | 6.6 | 1.76 (0.84–3.71) |
≥ 1 major risk factor | 71.1 | 65.8 | 1.14 (0.70–1.85) |
10-year risk for CHD ≥ 20% | 14.8 | 12.3 | 1.14 (0.61–2.11) |
10-year risk for fatal CVD ≥ 20% | 14.5 | 12.0 | 1.05 (0.57–1.95) |
Other conventional CV risk factors | |||
BMI < 20 kg/m2 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 0.70 (0.34–1.42) |
BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 | 52.5 | 27.5 | 2.21 (1.41–3.47) |
Metabolic syndrome | 31.3 | 19.5 | 1.42 (0.87–2.32) |
MDRD GFR < 60 ml/min | 4.6 | 8.7 | 0.44 (0.19–1.04) |
Alcohol use | 0.7 | 30.1 | 0.12 (0.02–0.54) |
Nonconventional CV risk factors | |||
Rheumatoid factor-positive | 75.6 | 77.6 | 0.93 (0.57–1.50) |
Continuous variables | Black Africans Mean (SD) | White or Asian Africans, mean (SD) | p* |
Age, yrs | 54.3 (10.8) | 56.9 (12.1) | — |
Major conventional CV risk factors | |||
T chol, mmol/l | 4.57 (0.98) | 4.96 (1.05) | < 0.0001 |
HDL chol†, mmol/l | 1.45 (1.48) | 1.56 (1.35) | 0.2 |
T chol/HDL chol† | 3.08 (1.47) | 3.11 (1.36) | 0.2 |
LDL chol, mmol/l | 2.54 (0.86) | 2.83 (0.90) | 0.0004 |
No. of major risk factors | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.7 |
Other conventional CV risk factors | |||
Triglycerides†, mmol/l | 1.01 (1.72) | 1.10 (1.68) | < 0.0001 |
AIMS tension | 3.9 (1.9) | 3.7 (2.0) | 0.6 |
AIMS depression | 3.6 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.1) | 0.8 |
Height, cm | 160 (10) | 164 (11) | 0.4 |
Nonconventional CV risk factors | |||
DAS28 | 3.2 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.5) | 0.4 |
CRP†, mg/l | 7.6 (3.5) | 4.8 (3.7) | 0.5 |
HAQ score | 0.78 (0.66) | 0.60 (0.61) | 0.5 |
Deformed joints | 9 (8) | 7 (9) | 0.3 |
Arterial stiffness | |||
Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 50 (14) | 47 (12) | 0.09 |
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T chol: total cholesterol; CV: cardiovascular; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; DAS28: Disease Activity Score in 28 joints; CRP: C-reactive protein; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; MDRD GFR: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; AIMS: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales.
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↵* OR and p value for comparisons between black and white or Asian Africans after adjustment for age, gender, and healthcare center as well as lipid-lowering and antihypertensive in models that include lipid variables and pulse pressure, respectively.
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↵† Logarithmically transformed.